C3

Remember When Experts Predicted Climate Change Was "Global"? The U.S. Warming Pause

(click on to enlarge)

Per NOAA, the U.S. warming pause (aka the 'Hiatus') has now achieved a 19-year stall (see adjacent chart). In fact, a slight cooling has been the trend over this period.

Remember the predicted global warming by experts? The same "experts" who predicted that hurricanes would become stronger and more frequent as a result of the global warming - which also did not happen.

As the empirical climate datasets reveal, the predicted global warming has amounted to about nil for close to two decades. And because of this, the global warming scientists recently resorted to exceptional fabrications of temperature datasets to produce "warming" that disappears the 'Pause'.

Ginning up climate change fears in anticipation of the Paris 2015 COP21 climate travesty show seems to be the driving force behind the most recent wholesale fake-warming production.

Back to the included chart. As depicted, the 19-year pause includes not only the continental U.S. (at -0.4°F per century cooling) but also the states of Virginia and Maryland, both at -0.5°F per century cooling.

Why depict those two state's temperature trends?

Because those states surround the metropolitan District of Columbia where federal bureaucrats, U.S. elected representatives and administration officials pontificate about the rapid and dangerous "global warming". These elites live and work in the D.C. micro-climate warming bubble that is a direct result of federal taxpayer asphalt, steel, concrete and airports with very hot jet exhausts, which in combination have produced a rapidly warming urban heat island (UHI).

The NOAA scientific empirical evidence is rather clear and undeniable. For most Americans, global warming is not an issue and is definitely not impacting their daily lives.

But for a minority of governing elites, who obviously created a hostile warming micro-climate for their work environment, it has made them incapable of distinguishing the climate forest from the micro-climate trees, so-to-speak. Or, put another way, they can't discern the difference between climate reality and climate fantasy.

Hmmm....maybe the best solution for saving the elites from their own, self-created hostile and climate change triggering environment is to disperse the federal government offices and personnel across rural locations throughout the U.S.

Additional regional, urban heat island, and a selection of official fabricated-fake temperature charts.

Note: The per century temperature trends for the continental U.S, Maryland, Virginia and D.C. were produced using NOAA's 12-month temperature periods ending in the month of August, through August 2015. Source of NOAA data used. NOAA images (a Zip file) of chart's calculated per century trends used.

"Unequivocal" Global Warming From CO2? Not In The U.S. - Rural vs. Urban Temps

Powerful and wealthy elites, global warming alarmists and climate-doomsday cult'sters' often make statements like..."it is indisputable, global warming is unequivocal"...but here's the problem...that is an exceptionally misleading, anti-science piece of propaganda that should never be tolerated...even NOAA's empirical evidence shows the lie of that type of statement.....

(click on chart to enlarge)

In previous articles, evidence was presented that much of the globe has not warmed since year 2000 - areas such as regions of the world's ocean, the lower atmosphere and major regions of the U.S.

However, if global warming is "unequivocal" from CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases as claimed, then how is it possible that major components and areas of the world are not warming?

As it turns out, where one actually measures temperature change is a huge factor whether the end result is "global" warming or not.

Simply put, as all climate scientists agree, urban/metro and airport areas are robustly warmer than surrounding areas, during  both the daylight and night hours. And, as it turns out, they are warming at multiple times greater rate than rural regions.

They are not warmer because of more CO2 and methane. They are warmer because they have more people, cars, schools, stores, restaurants, planes, trucks, buses, trains, factories, concrete, asphalt, buildings, parking lots and etc.

And because of some very incredibly shortsighted decisions, the majority of climate stations are now located in the urban/airport areas, with most of the rural stations being eliminated. Thus, there now exists a built in bias impacting global warming calculations, which heat-up the actual climate reality.

How big is that bias impact? That's what the adjacent graph helps to reveal.

Take Reagan National Airport in the Washington DC metro. It's warming at an astounding +14.6F degrees per century pace over the last 15 years. Now compare that to a rural area about 170 miles west of DC, in the very northwest part of Maryland. (This portion of the country is called the Allegheny Plateau region a NOAA/NCDC designated climate division). It's cooling at a -3.1°F per century rate.

An 18 degree warming rate difference within a 3-hour journey? CO2 is not responsible for that.

So, why do the U.S. politicos, elites and media believe the world is "unequivocally" warming?

Because they live and work in highly urbanized areas that have the necessary attributes that cause a positive temperature feedback - often referred to as the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). They are oblivious to the fact most of the world's populace does not live in these concrete-cocoon heat traps and are not experiencing ludicrous warming where the wealthy and powerful congregate.

Again, examine the above chart. Urban/airport warming locations (Reagan Natl, Dulles, Richmond and Baltimore) exhibit fast "global" warming growth. The two highly populated states (Virginia & Maryland) surrounding these urban regions show more moderate warming. And nearby rural areas (the Appalachia Mountain and Allegheny Plateau areas of Maryland) actually have cooled over the last 15 years.

Importantly, the rural areas' temperature cooling are more in line with the entire continental US climate, as shown.

Why does the U.S. exhibit an overall cooling trend for the last 15 years? Obviously, geographically, the U.S. has a much greater abundance of rural areas, similar to the Allegheny Plateau region, than urban/airport complexes. In fact, it is claimed over 90% of the U.S. is considered rural.

Memo to Republicans: For discussions and debates about climate change, use only official weather/climate station thermometer datasets located in rural regions and/or from satellites. Urban/airport thermometers do not measure temperature change from CO2/GHG climate change - they measure temperature change produced by the concrete-cocoon urbanization. Demand that NOAA/NASA/EPA primarily report satellite/rural temperature changes as a leading indicator for potential greenhouse gas influences. Dismiss with contempt those global warming calculations that are quoted which include the hot airport/urban thermometers.

Previous UHI, regional and global temperature charts.

Note: Source for urban and regional 15-year annual temperature datasets. Above Excel chart only shows per century linear trends calculated by Excel, not the annual datapoints. For the chart, adjusted y-axis to better fit all trends on a single viewable image for the article.

Turkish Scientists Confirm UHI Effect Is Overstating Global Warming - 4 Degree UHI Impact Documented

Catastrophic global warming skeptics have long said that climate research agencies and the IPCC were overstating the amount of global temperature increase due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect - skeptics were just proven correct in a new Turkish study

(click on image to enlarge, source)

Read here. This image portrays the impact that dense urban areas can have on local temperatures. This is the UHI effect, which can literally stretch for miles causing regional temperatures to be higher. The UHI effect has nothing to do with greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2 emissions).

One means to determine the impact of UHI, plus confirm the influence of greenhouse gases, is to analyze and compare the minimum daily temperatures for urban areas versus the rural areas. If greenhouse gases have little impact on temperatures, than the rural daily minimum temperatures should reveal a a zero to slight increasing trend.

Turkish scientists, Ozdemir et al., did this type of comparison for temperature readings across the Anatolian Peninsula.

"Focusing on cities having over half a million inhabitants representative of urban conditions and much smaller towns representative of rural conditions - all of which also possessed continuous high-quality temperature data from 1965 to 2006 - the authors studied the four-decade trends in daily minimum air temperature at each location...the eight researchers report that "statistical analysis of daily minimum temperatures for the period between 1965 and 2006 suggest that there is no statistically significant increase in rural areas." However, they say that all of the urban sites, as well as the differences between urban and rural pairs, show significant increases in temperature, indicative of a strong urban heat island (UHI) effect over the region. In fact, as they describe it, the average "urban station is over 4°C warmer than rural."" [Huseyin Ozdemir, Alper Unal, Tayfun Kindap, Ufuk Utku Turuncoglu, Zeynep Okay Durmusoglu, Maudood Khan, Mete Tayanc, Mehmet Karaca 2012: Theoretical and Applied Climatology]

'C3' Conclusions: This Turkish study confirms what previous UHI effect studies have found: rural areas are not experiencing an increase in temperatures due to greenhouse gases. Because the dataset used to calculate global temperatures is dominated by urban and airport locations, overstating global warming has been the result. The UHI effect has never been adequately removed so as to provide an accurate picture of CO2-induced global warming. Simply put, to accurately determine actual global warming from greenhouse gases, only rural climate stations, based on the state-of-the-art USCRN technology and standards, should be used for the land surface global temperature dataset.

Previous urban-heat-island and peer-reviewed postings. UHI, regional and modern temperature charts.

New Research Confirms That Urban (UHI) Warming Accounts For Over 50% Of All Climate Warming

Regions of the world that exhibit significant warming over recent decades is likely the result of a robust urban heat island effect - South Korea's warming climate provides evidence

Read here. The global warming that has happened in recent past is due to a combination of factors, both man-made and natural. The natural production of warming is a result of the ongoing expected rebound from the Little Ice Age, solar/cosmic influences and normal climate cycles/oscillations.

The human influence on global warming takes many forms, including the result of human CO2 emissions. What has been well known and established long ago is that urban areas are warmer than rural areas - this human condition on the climate is referred to as the 'urban heat island' effect. The robustness of this human effect has been confirmed by new peer reviewed research by scientists analyzing South Korea's temperatures since 1954.

"The cities that show great warming due to urbanization are Daegu, Pohang, Seoul, and Incheon, which show values of about 1.35, 1.17, 1.16, and 1.10°C, respectively. The areas that showed urban warming less than 0.2°C are Chupungnyeong and Mokpo. On average, the total temperature increase over South Korea was about 1.37°C; the amount of increase caused by the greenhouse effect is approximately 0.60°C, and the amount caused by urban warming is approximately 0.77°C.”" [KIM Maeng-Ki, KIM Seonae 2011: Journal of Atmospheric Environment]

FWIW, the determination of the UHI impact was accomplished by only analyzing temperature data and population statistics. The authors apparently did not attempt to identify any non-human influences on climate.

Previous UHI and peer-reviewed postings. UHI temperature charts.

Chinese Scientists Document That Urban Heat Island Impact Can Explain As Much As 44% of Recent Warming

Read here. It's become common knowledge that the UN's IPCC objective is not one of impartial, scientific analysis of climate change but instead one biased towards political governance and economic control goals. As a result, significant, non-CO2 impacts on global warming are either ignored or trivialized by the IPCC. The urban heat island (UHI) effect on temperature records is one such impact that the IPCC keeps trying to minimize but the actual science keeps refuting the IPCC's agenda-driven science.

Yang et al. published an extensive study on the impact of UHI on China's warming and discovered that over 40% of the increase could be explained by the UHI effect in some urban areas. This study represents additional empirical evidence that significant global warming is not exclusively due to the IPCC's politically correct causation, CO2 emissions.

"Monthly mean surface air temperature data from 463 meteorological stations, including those from the 1981–2007 ordinary and national basic reference surface stations in east China and from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis, are used to investigate the effect of rapid urbanization on temperature change...The trends of urban heat island (UHI) effects...are generally consistent and indicate that rapid urbanization has a significant influence on surface warming over east China. Overall, UHI effects contribute 24.2% to regional average warming trends. The strongest effect of urbanization on annual mean surface air temperature trends occurs over the metropolis and large city stations, with corresponding contributions of about 44% and 35% to total warming, respectively. The UHI trends are 0.398°C and 0.26°C decade. [Xuchao Yang, Yiling Hou, Baode Chen 2011: Journal of Geophysical Research]

Additional urban heat island and peer-reviewed postings.

Faux Global Warming Is Caused By Concrete: Idaho Provides Vivid Example of Urban Heat Island Heat Impact

Read here. Most official thermometers recording daily temperatures are nowadays located in urban settings (airports are popular settings) where concrete, asphalt and metal raise the surrounding area temperature. As a result, global warming anomalies reported by the official climate agencies are biased warmer, which are never correctly adjusted to remove the urban heat island impact (bias).

This chart from 'The Inconvenient Skeptic' is a current example of the 'urban heat island' effect on temperatures.

Urban Heat Islands: Bursting the IPCC Myth That 'UHI Isn't Important' In Global Warming Records

Read here. The 2007 IPCC report went out of its way to diminish the importance of the urban heat island (UHI) effect on global warming. In typical Climategate-style research, the IPCC had to strengthen its case that human CO2 was the primary cause of recent global warming, and the only way to accomplish this was to marginalize and reduce the impact of other factors, including UHI.

A Japanese scientist, unconvinced by the unsubstantiated and non-scientific UHI claims of the IPCC, studied the issue further and has determined that the UHI effect, even in sparsely populated areas, is "statistically significant."

"The author writes that "in the context of global climate change, urban warming can bias results obtained for background monitoring, as many of the observatories that have been in operation for a long time are located in cities.".....Fujibe reports that "the recorded rate of temperature increase is a few degrees per century in large cities and tends to be larger at night than during the daytime." In some cities, in fact, Fujibe writes that "the increase in annual extreme minimum temperature exceeds 10°C per century."...that numerous studies have detected heat islands in small settlements "with a population of 1000 or less,"...where statistically significant trends on the order of 0.04°C per decade have been observed." [Fumiaki Fujibe 2011: International Journal of Climatology]

Additional peer-reviewed and UHI postings.

New Peer-Research Finds CO2 Warming Not Critical: Mexican Metropolitan Areas Experiencing A Critical 9.0+°F UHI Effect Instead

Read here. It's been well documented that urban areas experience much higher temperatures than rural areas. Since most of the climate network's global thermometers are located in urban/airport areas, the major temperature datasets include a significant urban heat bias that has not been properly corrected for. An example of this UHI phenomenon is the research data produced from the Mexicali City urban area.

"Garcia Cueto et al. state that Mexicali City "changed from being a cold island (1960-1980) to a heat island....from the "more updated information (2000-2005)," they found that "the greatest intensity of the urban heat island was in winter with a value of 5.7°C, and the lowest intensity in autumn with 5.0°C [editor's note: 9.0°F].""...."The results of this study clearly demonstrate that population growth and the clustering of people in cities can lead to localized warming (in areas where temperatures are routinely measured) that is both more rapid and much greater  (by as much as an order of magnitude, in fact) than what climate alarmists typically attempt to characterize as the "unprecedented" warming of the 20th century. And that population-growth-induced warming -- spread across the world -- has likely contributed, in large part, to what they wrongly construe to be CO2-induced  global warming."

Are Global Temperatures Severely Contaminated With Urban Heat Island Bias? New Research Suggests 'Yes'

Read here. The IPCC, global warming scientists and activists have based their conclusions about global warming on temperature records that may be excessively contaminated by the urban heat island effect. Using an innovative approach, Dr. Roy Spencer's research indicates that temp records are indeed contaminated with a warmth bias from population densities to such an extent that it may explain most of the global warming trends since 1970.

"Taken together, I believe these results provide powerful and direct evidence that the GHCN data still has a substantial spurious warming component, at least for the period (since 1973) and region (U.S.) addressed here....There is a clear need for new, independent analyses of the global temperature data…the raw data, that is. As I have mentioned before, we need independent groups doing new and independent global temperature analyses — not international committees of Nobel laureates passing down opinions on tablets of stone." 

How Much Did Phil Jones Underestimate The UHI Effect In South Africa? Borders On Fraud

Read here. The Urban Heat Island effect is known to cause significant warming in temperature datasets. Yet leading IPCC climate scientists never seem able to find it - always just beyond their grasp, or is it their comprehension, as a source of warming. Instead, it's been much more rewarding and convenient to rely on CO2-caused rationale for warming trends. Climategate's Phil Jones was a leading practitioner of missing the obvious UHI effect, as was shown also in his South African research on temperatures.

"Hughes and Balling report that the mean annual air temperature trend of the five large cities averaged 0.24°C per decade, while the mean warming rate of the 19 non-urban centers was a statistically insignificant 0.09°C per decade over the 1960-1990 period, which values are to be compared to the overall warming rate of 0.31°C per decade that was derived by Jones for the entire country....suggest that urbanization has influenced the Jones (1994) records for South Africa over the 1960-1990 period of apparent rapid warming....and that their analyses suggest that "half or more of this recent warming may be related to urban growth, and not to any widespread regional temperature increase."

Researchers Find That NYC Urban Heat Island Can Be Up To 8°C Warmer Than Rural Areas

Read here. If you're not yet aware of this interesting "scientific" response, global warming scientists will go out of their way to flippantly dismiss the substantial 'Urban Heat Island' (UHI) effect. Why? Well.....because UHI totally overwhelms any measurable impact from CO2 emissions, and, by the way, it undercuts their desired funded-research, which is dependent on the AGW hypothesis. In the case of New York City, the UHI is absolutely huge, which is indeed a human impact, just not the favored CO2-caused impact.

"...the heat island signal, measured as the difference between the urban core and the surrounding rural surface air temperature readings taken at National Weather Service stations, averages ~4°C on summer nights (Kirkpatrick and Shulman, 1987; Gedzelman et al., 2003; Gaffin et al., 2008)," with the greatest temperature differences typically being sustained "between midnight and 0500 Eastern Standard Time (EST; Gaffin et al., 2008)." And on a day that they studied quite intensively (14 August 2002), they report that at 0600 EST, "the city was several degrees warmer than the suburbs, and up to 8°C warmer than rural areas within 100 km of the city." 

For another look at UHI, but this time on the left coast, check out this link.

Multiple Peer-Research Confirms Huge Urban Heat Island Effect - It's The Real Warming Problem Being Ignored By Politicians

Read here and here. Besides the normal night time warming from radiating buildings and parking lots, there are urban heat island (UHI) impacts that affect coastal waters, watershed evaporation, and soil. As these multiple studies indicate, UHI is huge, diverse, and has a larger impact than CO2 (read the Barrows, Alaska study in the first linked article).

"So what have we learned about the urban heat island effect from data obtained in North America? We've learned that it is large and growing in large-and-growing cities, as well as in small towns. Given these undeniable facts, it is presumptuous in the extreme to believe that the global surface air temperature record of the last few decades has been adequately adjusted for small-town and large-city heat island effects; and we can thus be fairly confident that the true warming of the planet has likely been far less than what has been claimed by essentially all assessments of the phenomenon conducted to date."

The California example: (click on image to enlarge)

"the three researchers found that "most [California] regions showed a stronger increase in minimum temperatures than with mean and maximum temperatures," and that "areas of intensive urbanization showed the largest positive trends, while rural, non-agricultural regions showed the least warming." In fact, they report that the Northeast Interior Basins of the state actually experienced cooling. Large urban sites, on the other hand, exhibited rates of warming "over twice those for the state, for the mean maximum temperature, and over five times the state's mean rate for the minimum temperature.""

Leftist, Big Govt Types Believe Human CO2 Causes Warming - They're Wrong, Actually It's Big Govt That Causes Warming

Big government, big spending liberals like Sen. Boxer, Sen. Kerry, Rep. Markey, Rep. Waxman, Sen. Lieberman, Sen. Lindsey Graham, Obama and others have been convinced by environmental fanatics, Hollywood celebrities, and, of course, mainstream journalists that human CO2 is the cause of warming. Unfortunately for the big spenders, the American public is not buying the faux science that these politicos are mindlessly regurgitating. Why is that? (click on image to enlarge)

Well, real-world facts are getting in the way of the inconvenient lies that big government-big spender types have been pushing. The public knows that the world and the U.S. are cooling, yet the greedy and power hungry politicos keep shouting "fire." As this chart reveals, human CO2 is not the major cause of warming since all nearby areas outside of D.C. are cooling; it's other factors, including failed land-use planning by big government to avoid the incredible warming impact of urban heat islands, such as the metropolitan area of Washington D.C.

Suggestion to liberal/leftist, big government spenders: First solve the D.C. "global warming" problem before attempting to rape our wallets and shackle Americans with more worthless regulations. You exclusively caused the D.C. warming, now prove you can fix it. Chart data source here.

Additional modern & historical charts.

The 'Global Warming' Boogeyman: It Only Comes Out At Night, Scientists Confirm

Read here and here. Multiple studies are indicating that any global warming that is occurring happens mostly during night hours. The global average temperature is actually an average of the maximum daily temperature and the minimum daily temperature, and what studies are revealing is that daily maximum temperatures are not rising but the minimum temperatures are. The reason? Human caused land-use change (urban heat island is one example) is radiating more heat at night, thus impacting the daily minimum temperatures being measured near the surface. The large impact on minimum temperatures can be seen in the chart on the left when comparing a recently urbanized area with a more rural area. In contrast, note how the daily maximum temperature differences in the chart on the right have stayed remarkably close for the two different areas. This is not a result of human CO2 emissions; it's a result of humans changing the earth's terrain and landscape. (click images to enlarge)

Korean Temperature Records Reflect Large Urban Heat Bias That's Gone Uncorrected, Researchers Find

Read here. Researchers find same urban heat bias problem in South Korea that has also contaminated all global temperature databases worldwide. This large global warming bias has never been corrected by the major climate agencies, despite being a well documented phenomenon. As a result of these inaccurate temperature databases, climate models have been unable to accurately predict future climate conditions - a very expensive garbage in, garbage out occurrence that discredits climate change science.

Research Scientists Have Long Known About Huge Impact of Urban Heat Islands: Australian Study Indicates +2.2°C Impact

Read here. Population centers of only 1,000 people can increase surrounding area temperatures up to 2.2°C. Since most surface thermometers are located close to population centers, it's not a surprise that recorded temperatures are being biased upward by the urban heat island effect.

The Liberal Attack On Science: IPCC Says Urban Heat Island Effect Is Tiny; NASA Finds It Can Add 7.0°F To Surrounding Area

Update 9/27/2012: To SkepticalScience.com readers - please note that an extreme Hollywood leftist and global warming believer thinks that U.S. moon landings were faked.

Also, while visiting 'C3', take a look at some charts based on empirical evidence: Urban Heat Island, modern, regional, historical, fabricating-fake, and severe weather charts.

Read here. The IPCC is a leftist-oriented, UN political agency. It has been assigned the known objective of convincing the public that global warming has been caused by human CO2. In order to accomplish this, it must dismiss or minimize any non-CO2 science evidence that undermines that objective, even if a major science organization's research, such as NASA, reports otherwise.

This is a common result of left-liberal organizations that proceed in an "ends justify means" fashion - thus, empirical science becomes the enemy.

The IPCC's refusal to utilize a corrected temperature database to compensate for the large UHI effect in its analysis and climate models is scientifically unacceptable. The public would have every right to consider the current IPCC findings a form of scientific fraud that are unreliable. From page 107 of the 2009 Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change:

• "The IPCC dismisses this concern, saying the UHI
  is “an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and
  longer time-scale trends” and “UHI effects
  are real but local, and have a negligible influence
  (less than 0.006° C per decade over land and zero
  over the oceans) on these [observed temperature]
  values”. On this extremely important matter,
  the IPCC is simply wrong."

Which Part of 'U-H-I' Do Politicians Not Understand? Washington D.C. Grows Hot While Nearby States Do 'Global Cooling'

Urban Heat Island effect is possible cause of 50+% of all U.S. warming since 1940's. Land-use factors are a major 'forcing' in climate change that IPCC and U.S. politicians won't admit to. They should because their own parking lots, bureaucrat palaces and roads are causing the D.C. warming, not CO2. As can be seen, nearby states are cooling or have little warming over last 10 years versus large warming in D.C. metro area. Corrected image 8/22/09. Temperatures listed on image are degrees/decade trend.  (click to enlarge image)
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Global Dimming: Is It "Global" As Journalists Like to Portray? Nope, It's An Urban-Industrial Regional Effect

Read here.

U.S. 20th Century Temperatures: Urban Warming Responsible For Almost All Warming, Not CO2

Read here and here. The IPCC and control-hungry politicians are incredibly reluctant to change focus away from revenue generating CO2 proposals, but the temperature records reveal the truth about "global warming."

Urban Land Use/Cover Causes More Actual Warming Than Hyped CO2 Global Warming, Study Finds

Read here. Every study shows that Urban Heat Island effect to be large yet global warming alarmists constantly deny what is obvious. Fix how we humans use the land and global warming is neutered.

Rising Nightime Temperatures From Urban Heat Island Effect Significantly Biasing Global Warming Record - Not Accounted For Correctly

Read here. Possibly 50% of warming record being caused by higher 'minimum' (nighttime) temps from UHI effect.

#27. Key Finding of International Scientific Panel's Analysis of Climate-Change

Synopsis: The modern surface temperature record is badly flawed, inaccurate and biased from concrete/asphalt 'urban heating.'

Source here. "The IPCC cites as evidence of modern global warming data from surface-based recording stations yielding a 1905-2005 temperature increase of 0.74ºC +/- 0.18ºC. But this temperature record is known to be positively biased by insufficient corrections for the nongreenhouse-gas-induced urban heat island (UHI) effect. It may be impossible to make proper corrections for this deficiency, as the UHI of even small towns dwarfs any concomitant augmented greenhouse effect that may be present."

Urban Heat Island In Arctic Area Is 2.2° Warmer Than Surrounding Rural Area; The "Urban" Population? 4,600 People

Read here. An example of how land-use has a much greater impact on temperatures versus global, human CO2 emissions. Also, indicates why official surface temperatures have been heavily biased by the ubiquitous UHI effect.

You've Heard Of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect; Now We Have "THI" Effect - Amazing How Some Asphalt Jacks Up The Temps

View image/chart here.    Source here.